Last data update: May 06, 2024. (Total: 46732 publications since 2009)
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Barriers and facilitators to HIV service access among Hispanic/Latino gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in metropolitan Atlanta-a qualitative analysis
Hassan R , Saldana CS , Garlow EW , Gutierrez M , Hershow RB , Elimam D , Adame JF , Andía JF , Padilla M , Gonzalez Jimenez N , Freeman D , Johnson EN , Reed K , Holland DP , Orozco H , Pedraza G , Hayes C , Philpott DC , Curran KG , Wortley P , Agnew-Brune C , Gettings JR . J Urban Health 2023 100 (6) 1193-1201 Hispanic/Latino persons are disproportionately impacted by HIV in the US, and HIV diagnoses among Hispanic/Latino men in Georgia have increased over the past decade, particularly in metropolitan Atlanta. In 2022, the Georgia Department of Public Health detected five clusters of rapid HIV transmission centered among Hispanic/Latino gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (HLMSM) in metropolitan Atlanta. We conducted in-depth interviews with 65 service providers and 29 HLMSM to identify barriers and facilitators to HIV service access for HLMSM. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and translated, if needed. Initial data analyses were conducted rapidly in the field to inform public health actions. We then conducted additional analyses including line-by-line coding of the interview transcripts using a thematic analytic approach. We identified four main themes. First, inequity in language access was a predominant barrier. Second, multiple social and structural barriers existed. Third, HLMSM encountered intersectional stigma. Finally, the HLMSM community is characterized by its diversity, and there is not a one-size-fits-all approach to providing appropriate care to this population. The collection of qualitative data during an HIV cluster investigation allowed us to quickly identity barriers experienced by HLMSM when accessing HIV and other medical care, to optimize public health response and action. Well-designed program evaluation and implementation research may help elucidate specific strategies and tools to reduce health disparities, ensure equitable service access for HLMSM, and reduce HIV transmission in this population. |
Development of a mobile app to increase uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among latino sexual minority men: A qualitative needs assessment
Cantos VD , Hagen KS , Duarte AP , Escobar C , Batina I , Orozco H , Rodriguez J , Camacho-Gonzalez AF , Siegler AJ . JMIR Form Res 2023 7 e43844 BACKGROUND: Latino sexual minority men (SMM) are disproportionally impacted by HIV. Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), an effective biomedical intervention to prevent HIV acquisition, is low in this group compared to White SMM. Mobile technology (mHealth) represents an innovative strategy to increase PrEP uptake among Latino SMM. OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the qualitative process that led to the development of SaludFindr, a comprehensive HIV prevention mobile app that aims to increase PrEP uptake, HIV testing, and condom use by Latino SMM. METHODS: We conducted 13 in-depth interviews with Latino SMM living in metropolitan Atlanta to explore the main barriers and facilitators to PrEP uptake in this group and analyze their overall opinions of potential SaludFindr app functionalities. To explore potential app functions, we used HealthMindr, an existing comprehensive HIV prevention app, as a template and added new proposed features intended to address the specific needs of this community. RESULTS: We identified general PrEP uptake barriers that, although common among non-Latino groups, had added complexities such as the influence of religion and family on stigma. Low perceived PrEP eligibility, intersectional stigma, lack of insurance, cost concerns, and misconceptions about PrEP side effects, were described as general barriers. We also identified Latino-specific barriers that predominantly hinder access to existing services, including a scarcity of PrEP clinics that are prepared to provide culturally-concordant services, limited availability of Spanish-language written information related to PrEP access, distrust of peers as credible sources of information, perceived ineligibility for low-cost services due to undocumented status, fear of immigration authorities, and competing work obligations that prevent PrEP clinic attendance. Healthcare providers represented a trusted source of information and three provider characteristics were identified as PrEP facilitators: familiarity prescribing PrEP, being Latino, and being part of LGBTQIA+ or ally. The proposed app was very well accepted, with particularly high interest in features that facilitate PrEP access, including a tailored list of clinics that meet the community needs and a private platform where app users can gather reliable PrEP information. Spanish language availability and free or low-cost PrEP care represented the two main clinic criteria that would facilitate PrEP uptake. Latino representation in clinic staff and providers, perception of the clinic as a "safe-space" for undocumented patients, and LGBTQIA+ representation were listed as additional criteria. Only 8 our of the 47 clinics listed on PrEP locator.org for the Atlanta area fulfilled at least the two main criteria. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further evidence of the significant barriers to PrEP uptake that Latino SMM face, exposes the urgent need to increase the number of accessible PrEP-providing clinics for Latino SMM, and proposes an innovative, community-driven, and mobile technology-based tool as a future intervention to overcome some of those barriers. |
Concurrent outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus types 1 and 2 affecting the Republic of the Philippines and Malaysia, 2019-2021.
Snider CJ , Boualam L , Tallis G , Takashima Y , Abeyasinghe R , Lo YR , Grabovac V , Avagyan T , Aslam SK , Eltayeb AO , Aung KD , Wang X , Shrestha A , Ante-Orozco C , Silva MWT , Lapastora-Sucaldito N , Apostol LNG , Jikal MBH , Miraj W , Lodhi F , Kim HJ , Rusli N , Thorley BR , Kaye MB , Nishimura Y , Arita M , Sani JAM , Rundi C , Feldon K . Vaccine 2022 41 Suppl 1 A58-A69 Concurrent outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus serotypes 1 and 2 (cVDPV1, cVDPV2) were confirmed in the Republic of the Philippines in September 2019 and were subsequently confirmed in Malaysia by early 2020. There is continuous population subgroup movement in specific geographies between the two countries. Outbreak response efforts focused on sequential supplemental immunization activities with monovalent Sabin strain oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 (mOPV2) and bivalent oral poliovirus vaccines (bOPV, containing Sabin strain types 1 and 3) as well as activities to enhance poliovirus surveillance sensitivity to detect virus circulation. A total of six cVDPV1 cases, 13 cVDPV2 cases, and one immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 case were detected, and there were 35 cVDPV1 and 31 cVDPV2 isolates from environmental surveillance sewage collection sites. No further cVDPV1 or cVDPV2 have been detected in either country since March 2020. Response efforts in both countries encountered challenges, particularly those caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic. Important lessons were identified and could be useful for other countries that experience outbreaks of concurrent cVDPV serotypes. |
Travel from the United Kingdom to the United States by a Symptomatic Patient Infected with the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Variant - Texas, January 2021.
Ojelade M , Rodriguez A , Gonzalez D , Otokunrin D , Ramachandruni S , Cuevas E , Moon K , Tyler CG , Freeland M , Anderson M , Haire K , Orozco Y , Scipio F , Springer Y , Prot E , Shuford JA . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021 70 (10) 348-349 In December 2020, the B.1.1.7 genetic variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, was first reported after emergence and rapid circulation in the United Kingdom (1). Evidence suggests that the B.1.1.7 variant is more efficiently transmitted than are other SARS-CoV-2 variants, and widespread circulation could thereby increase SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization rates (1,2). The first reported SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant case in the United States was confirmed by sequencing in Colorado on December 29, 2020.* This report describes a person who traveled from the United Kingdom to the United States after experiencing COVID-19-compatible symptoms(†) and was eventually confirmed to be infected with the B.1.1.7 variant. |
An efficient model for designing medical countermeasure just-in-time training during public health emergencies
Cathcart LA , Ramirez-Leon G , Orozco YA , Flanagan EA , Young SE , Garcia RA . Am J Public Health 2018 108 S212-s214 Rapidly training numerous staff and volunteers to distribute and dispense medical countermeasures is challenging because of limited resources and evolving information during public health emergencies. The Applied Learning and Development Team within the Division of State and Local Readiness at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) proposes just-in-time training (JITT) templates that can be rapidly customized and implemented early in any public health emergency. The proposed template model aligns with modular training design research to increase relevance and rapid deployment of training. Two case studies are described to demonstrate the potential for training templates to support medical countermeasure responses: (1) customization and implementation of a JITT to prepare staff to work on a CDC task force during the 2016-2017 Zika virus response and (2) a new modular, customizable course to teach the basics about working at a point-of-dispensing site. Flexible JITT templates in these cases reduce the burden on emergency planners and trainers, allowing for rapidly developed, customized training viable for all emergency responses. |
Drivers of flea (Siphonaptera) community structure in sympatric wild carnivores in northwestern Mexico
Lopez-Perez AM , Gage K , Rubio AV , Montenieri J , Orozco L , Suzan G . J Vector Ecol 2018 43 (1) 15-25 Host identity, habitat type, season, and interspecific interactions were investigated as determinants of the community structure of fleas on wild carnivores in northwestern Mexico. A total of 540 fleas belonging to seven species was collected from 64 wild carnivores belonging to eight species. We found that the abundances of some flea species are explained by season and host identity. Pulex irritans and Echidnophaga gallinacea abundances were significantly higher in spring than in fall season. Flea communities on carnivore hosts revealed three clusters with a high degree of similarity within each group that was explained by the flea dominance of E. gallinacea, P. simulans, and P. irritans across host identity. Flea abundances did not differ statistically among habitat types. Finally, we found a negative correlation between the abundances of three flea species within wild carnivore hosts. Individual hosts with high loads of P. simulans males usually had significantly lower loads of P. irritans males or tend to have lower loads of E. gallinacea fleas and vice-versa. Additionally, the logistic regression model showed that the presence of P. simulans males is more likely to occur in wild carnivore hosts in which P. irritans males are absent and vice-versa. These results suggest that there is an apparent competitive exclusion among fleas on wild carnivores. The study of flea community structure on wild carnivores is important to identify the potential flea vectors for infectious diseases and provide information needed to design programs for human health and wildlife conservation. |
Characteristics of U.S. adults with usual daily folic acid intake above the tolerable upper intake level: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2010
Orozco AM , Yeung LF , Guo J , Carriquiry A , Berry RJ . Nutrients 2016 8 (4) 195 The Food and Drug Administration mandated that by 1998, all enriched cereal grain products (ECGP) be fortified with folic acid in order to prevent the occurrence of neural tube defects. The Institute of Medicine established the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for folic acid (1000 microg/day for adults) in 1998. We characterized U.S. adults with usual daily folic acid intake exceeding the UL. Using NHANES 2003-2010 data, we estimated the percentage of 18,321 non-pregnant adults with usual daily folic acid intake exceeding the UL, and among them, we calculated the weighted percentage by sex, age, race/ethnicity, sources of folic acid intake, supplement use and median usual daily folic acid intakes. Overall, 2.7% (standard error 0.6%) of participants had usual daily intake exceeding the UL for folic acid; 62.2% were women; 86.3% were non-Hispanic whites; and 98.5% took supplements containing folic acid. When stratified by sex and age groups among those with usual daily folic acid intake exceeding the UL, 20.8% were women aged 19-39 years. Those with usual daily intake exceeding the folic acid UL were more likely to be female, non-Hispanic white, supplement users or to have at least one chronic medical condition compared to those not exceeding the folic acid UL. Among those with usual daily folic acid intake exceeding the UL who also took supplements, 86.6% took on average >400 microg of folic acid/day from supplements. Everyone with usual daily folic acid intake exceeding the UL consumed folic acid from multiple sources. No one in our study population had usual daily folic acid intake exceeding the UL through consumption of mandatorily-fortified enriched cereal grain products alone. Voluntary consumption of supplements containing folic acid is the main factor associated with usual daily intake exceeding the folic acid UL. |
The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013
Haagsma JA , Graetz N , Bolliger I , Naghavi M , Higashi H , Mullany EC , Abera SF , Abraham JP , Adofo K , Alsharif U , Ameh EA , Ammar W , Antonio CA , Barrero LH , Bekele T , Bose D , Brazinova A , Catala-Lopez F , Dandona L , Dandona R , Dargan PI , De Leo D , Degenhardt L , Derrett S , Dharmaratne SD , Driscoll TR , Duan L , Petrovich Ermakov S , Farzadfar F , Feigin VL , Franklin RC , Gabbe B , Gosselin RA , Hafezi-Nejad N , Hamadeh RR , Hijar M , Hu G , Jayaraman SP , Jiang G , Khader YS , Khan EA , Krishnaswami S , Kulkarni C , Lecky FE , Leung R , Lunevicius R , Lyons RA , Majdan M , Mason-Jones AJ , Matzopoulos R , Meaney PA , Mekonnen W , Miller TR , Mock CN , Norman RE , Orozco R , Polinder S , Pourmalek F , Rahimi-Movaghar V , Refaat A , Rojas-Rueda D , Roy N , Schwebel DC , Shaheen A , Shahraz S , Skirbekk V , Soreide K , Soshnikov S , Stein DJ , Sykes BL , Tabb KM , Temesgen AM , Tenkorang EY , Theadom AM , Tran BX , Vasankari TJ , Vavilala MS , Vlassov VV , Woldeyohannes SM , Yip P , Yonemoto N , Younis MZ , Yu C , Murray CJ , Vos T . Inj Prev 2015 22 (1) 3-18 BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Diseases (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors study used the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) to quantify the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. This paper provides an overview of injury estimates from the 2013 update of GBD, with detailed information on incidence, mortality, DALYs and rates of change from 1990 to 2013 for 26 causes of injury, globally, by region and by country. METHODS: Injury mortality was estimated using the extensive GBD mortality database, corrections for ill-defined cause of death and the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on inpatient and outpatient data sets, 26 cause-of-injury and 47 nature-of-injury categories, and seven follow-up studies with patient-reported long-term outcome measures. RESULTS: In 2013, 973 million (uncertainty interval (UI) 942 to 993) people sustained injuries that warranted some type of healthcare and 4.8 million (UI 4.5 to 5.1) people died from injuries. Between 1990 and 2013 the global age-standardised injury DALY rate decreased by 31% (UI 26% to 35%). The rate of decline in DALY rates was significant for 22 cause-of-injury categories, including all the major injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Injuries continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed and developing world. The decline in rates for almost all injuries is so prominent that it warrants a general statement that the world is becoming a safer place to live in. However, the patterns vary widely by cause, age, sex, region and time and there are still large improvements that need to be made. |
Opportunistic screening for diabetes and prediabetes using hemoglobin A1c in an urban primary care setting
Sohler N , Matti-Orozco B , Young E , Li X , Gregg EW , Ali MK , Bullard KM , Albu JB . Endocr Pract 2015 22 (2) 143-50 OBJECTIVE: In 2010, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) endorsed hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) as one of three tests for diabetes and pre-diabetes screening. We describe the use of HbA1c test for screening during routine visits in primary care clinics of an urban health care system in the United States. METHODS: In 2013-2014, retrospective analyses of de-identified electronic health records over a two-year period, January 2010-December 2011, for academic private practices (Clinic-Group 1) and federally-qualified Community Health Centers (Clinic- Group 2) identified 11,885 adults without prior diabetes or recent HbA1c testing. We estimated the proportion of patients eligible for screening according to ADA and U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines and calculated the potential yield of previously undiagnosed diabetes or pre-diabetes among those who received at least one HbA1c testing. RESULTS: 3,316 patients of Clinic-Group 1 and 5,613 patients of Clinic-Group 2 (75.2% of each Clinic-Group) were eligible for screening by ADA guidelines, while only 1764 (39.9%) of Clinic-Group 1 and 3,799 (50.9%) of Clinic-Group 2 were eligible by USPSTF guidelines. In those eligible by either guideline, 731 patients (21.4%) of Clinic-Group 1 and 1293 (21.5%) of Clinic-Group 2 received HbA1c testing; among these, in 71 (9.7%) and 121 (9.4%), in Clinic- Groups 1 and 2, respectively, HbA1c results were in the diabetes range, and in 330 (45.2%) and 733 (56.7%) results were in the pre-diabetes range. CONCLUSIONS: In urban primary care settings, appropriate HbA1c testing could result in detection of a substantial number of previously undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes cases needing treatment. |
Improvements in pandemic preparedness in 8 Central American countries, 2008 - 2012
Johnson LE , Clara W , Gambhir M , Fuentes RC , Marin-Correa C , Jara J , Minaya P , Rodriguez D , Blanco N , Iihoshi N , Orozco M , Lange C , Perez SV , Amador N , Widdowson MA , Moen AC , Azziz-Baumgartner E . BMC Health Serv Res 2014 14 (1) 209 BACKGROUND: In view of ongoing pandemic threats such as the recent human cases of novel avian influenza A(H7N9) in China, it is important that all countries continue their preparedness efforts. Since 2006, Central American countries have received donor funding and technical assistance from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to build and improve their capacity for influenza surveillance and pandemic preparedness. Our objective was to measure changes in pandemic preparedness in this region, and explore factors associated with these changes, using evaluations conducted between 2008 and 2012. METHODS: Eight Central American countries scored their pandemic preparedness across 12 capabilities in 2008, 2010 and 2012, using a standardized tool developed by CDC. Scores were calculated by country and capability and compared between evaluation years using the Student's t-test and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, respectively. Virological data reported to WHO were used to assess changes in testing capacity between evaluation years. Linear regression was used to examine associations between scores, donor funding, technical assistance and WHO reporting. RESULTS: All countries improved their pandemic preparedness between 2008 and 2012 and seven made statistically significant gains (p < 0.05). Increases in median scores were observed for all 12 capabilities over the same period and were statistically significant for eight of these (p < 0.05): country planning, communications, routine influenza surveillance, national respiratory disease surveillance, outbreak response, resources for containment, community interventions and health sector response. We found a positive association between preparedness scores and cumulative funding between 2006 and 2011 (R2 = 0.5, p < 0.01). The number of specimens reported to WHO from participating countries increased significantly from 5,551 (2008) to 18,172 (2012) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Central America has made significant improvements in influenza pandemic preparedness between 2008 and 2012. U.S. donor funding and technical assistance provided to the region is likely to have contributed to the improvements we observed, although information on other sources of funding and support was unavailable to study. Gains are also likely the result of countries' response to the 2009 influenza pandemic. Further research is required to determine the degree to which pandemic improvements are sustainable. |
Rotavirus disease burden, Nicaragua 2001-2005: defining the potential impact of a rotavirus vaccination program
Amador JJ , Vasquez J , Orozco M , Pedreira C , Malespin O , De Oliveira LH , Tate J , Parashar U , Patel M . Int J Infect Dis 2010 14 (7) e592-5 BACKGROUND: In October 2006, a rotavirus vaccine was introduced in Nicaragua for routine immunization of all children. We document the baseline diarrheal disease burden in Nicaragua prior to the vaccine program to facilitate future studies to measure vaccine impact. METHODS: We analyzed national data for 2001-2005 on total acute gastroenteritis healthcare visits, hospitalizations, and mortality in Nicaraguan children aged <5 years. RESULTS: Prior to vaccine introduction, by age 5 years, one in four Nicaraguan children required an outpatient consultation, one in 34 were hospitalized, and one in 2487 died from rotavirus-associated diarrhea, representing approximately 41,122 outpatient visits, 4460 hospitalizations, and 60 deaths per year that are preventable through vaccination. Almost half of the total acute gastroenteritis burden was in children <1 year of age. Two distinct seasonal peaks were noted in acute gastroenteritis hospitalizations and deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Existing data sources on all-cause acute gastroenteritis could be useful for establishing diarrhea disease burden and monitoring trends after vaccine introduction. Blunting of winter season peaks in rates of diarrhea, particularly among children aged <1-2 years, would be a useful indicator of impact from rotavirus vaccination. |
CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expression and DNA adduct formation in normal human mammary epithelial cells exposed to benzo[a]pyrene in the absence or presence of chlorophyllin
John K , Divi RL , Keshava C , Orozco CC , Schockley ME , Richardson DL , Poirier MC , Nath J , Weston A . Cancer Lett 2010 292 (2) 254-60 Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) is a potent pro-carcinogen and ubiquitous environmental pollutant. Here, we examined the induction and modulation of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 and 10-(deoxyguanosin-N(2)-yl)-7,8,9-trihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPdG) adduct formation in DNA from 20 primary normal human mammary epithelial cell (NHMEC) strains exposed to BP (4muM) in the absence or presence of chlorophyllin (5muM). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed strong induction of both CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 by BP, with high levels of inter-individual variability. Variable BPdG formation was found in all strains by r7, t8-dihydroxy-t-9, 10 epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE)-DNA chemiluminescence assay (CIA). Chlorophyllin mitigated BP-induced CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expression in all 20 strains when administered with BP. Chlorophyllin, administered prior to BP-exposure, mitigated CYP1A1 expression in 18/20 NHMEC strains (p<0.005) and CYP1B1 expression in 17/20 NHMEC strains (p<0.005). Maximum percent reductions of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expression and BPdG adduct formation were observed when cells were pre-dosed with chlorophyllin followed by administration of the carcinogen with chlorophyllin (p<0.005 for CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression and p<0.0005 for BPdG adducts). Therefore, chlorophyllin is likely to be a good chemoprotective agent for a large proportion of the human population. |
Uptake of rotavirus vaccine and national trends of acute gastroenteritis among children in Nicaragua
Orozco M , Vasquez J , Pedreira C , De Oliveira LH , Amador JJ , Malespin O , Andrus J , Tate J , Parashar U , Patel M . J Infect Dis 2009 200 Suppl 1 S125-30 BACKGROUND: In October 2006, a new rotavirus vaccine was introduced in Nicaragua and was available free to all age-eligible children. We assessed vaccine uptake and trends in acute gastroenteritis (AGE) to assess vaccine impact. METHODS: We analyzed national data from the period 2001-2007 on the total number of AGE episodes and on RotaTeq vaccine dose administration during 2006-2007. RESULTS: After the introduction of RotaTeq, 1-dose vaccine coverage rates rapidly increased to 80% among age-eligible children. During the 2007 rotavirus season, when combined 2- and 3-dose vaccine coverage among children aged 0-11 months was approximately 26%, the total number of AGE episodes among children aged 0-11 months decreased by 23%, compared with a decrease of 6% among unvaccinated children aged 12-59 months. Furthermore, a 12% decrease in the number of all-cause hospitalizations for AGE was noted among children aged 0-11 months, whereas a approximately 5% increase was observed among children aged 12-59 months. CONCLUSIONS: The high rate of vaccination among age-eligible children soon after vaccine introduction in Nicaragua indicates an efficient immunization program. However, in the age group at risk of rotavirus disease, vaccine coverage during the 2007 rotavirus season had yet to reach a level sufficient for making firm conclusions about vaccine impact. Epidemiologic studies to evaluate vaccine effectiveness and ongoing surveillance as vaccine uptake increases will allow a better assessment of vaccine impact. |
West Nile virus activity in mosquitoes and domestic animals in Chiapas, Mexico
Ulloa A , Ferguson HH , Mendez-Sanchez JD , Danis-Lozano R , Casas-Martinez M , Bond JG , Garcia-Zebadua JC , Orozco-Bonilla A , Juarez-Ordaz JA , Farfan-Ale JA , Garcia-Rejon JE , Rosado-Paredes EP , Edwards E , Komar N , Hassan HK , Unnasch TR , Rodriguez-Perez MA . Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2009 9 (5) 555-60 Prior to 2006, West Nile virus (WNV) had not been definitively detected in Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico, although it circulates elsewhere in Mexico and Central America. We collected over 30,000 mosquitoes and blood-sampled 351 domestic animals in Chiapas in search for evidence of current or recent transmission of WNV. Two mosquito pools tested positive for WNV RNA and 17 domestic animals tested positive for specific WNV-neutralizing antibodies, including young animals (<1 year old) in four of five sampled locations. The two WNV-positive mosquito pools were collected on the Pacific coastal plain of Chiapas in June, 2006, and included a pool of Culex nigripalpus, a suspected vector of WNV, and a pool of Cx. interrogator. The sequence of a 537-nucleotide portion of a cDNA amplicon derived from the WNV NS5 gene from the Cx. interrogator pool contained a single silent nucleotide substitution when compared to WNV strain NY99. |
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